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Surprisingly, 24% of direct CO 2 emission comes from agriculture, forestry and other land use, and 21% comes from industry ( IPCC, 2014).Ītmospheric CO 2 concentrations climbed up dramatically in the past two centuries, rising from around 270 μmol.mol -1 in 1750 to present concentrations higher than 385 μmol.mol -1 ( Mittler and Blumwald, 2010 IPCC, 2014). Anthropogenic CO 2 sources are derived from activities such as cement manufacturing, deforestation, fossil fuels combustion such as coal, oil and natural gas, etc. Natural sources of CO 2 include organic decomposition, ocean release and respiration. In conclusion, NO plays a central role in the tolerance of plants to climate change.Ĭarbon dioxide is responsible for 20% of the thermal absorption ( Schmidt et al., 2010). GSNOR may be also inhibited by S-nitrosylation and GR activated by NO. GSNO could be decomposed by the GSNO reductase (GSNOR) to GSSG which, in turn, is reduced to GSH by glutathione reductase (GR). NO may react with GSH to form GSNO, the NO cell reservoir and main source of S-nitrosylation. NO also regulates GSH concentration in several ways. However, when ROS are necessary (e.g., for pathogen resistance), NO may inhibit APX, CAT, and NOX activity by the S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues, favoring cell death. When ROS are in huge concentration, NO induces transcription and activity of SOD, APX, and CAT. NO regulate the ROS concentration preserving balance among ROS, GSH, GSNO, and ASC.
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But Rubisco photorespiration and NOX activities could also augment ROS production. Higher CO 2 concentrations increase the photosynthesis through the CO 2-unsaturated Rubisco activity. CO 2 and NO help to maintain the redox equilibrium. Plants have developed an antioxidant machinery that includes the activity of ROS detoxifying enzymes, as well as antioxidant molecules such as ascorbic acid (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) that are present in almost all subcellular compartments. The main sources of ROS in stress conditions are: augmented photorespiration, NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity, β-oxidation of fatty acids and disorders in the electron transport chains of mitochondria and chloroplasts. However, increasing GHG provokes extreme climate changes such as floods, droughts and heat, which induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in plants. GHG have natural and anthropogenic origin. Greenhouse effect is produced by greenhouse gasses (GHG) like water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxides (N xO) and ozone (O 3). Without it, temperature on Earth’s surface would be around -19☌, instead of the current average of 14☌. Life on Earth is possible thanks to greenhouse effect. Here, we review information on how plants face redox imbalance caused by climate change, and focus on the role of nitric oxide (NO) in this response.